Rajaram Kaveti, Margaret Annaleura Jakus, Henry Chen, Bhavya Jain, Darragh G. Kennedy, Elizabeth A. Caso, Navya Mishra, Nivesh Sharma, Baha Erim Uzunoğlu, Won Bae Han, Tae-Min Jang, Suk-Won Hwang, Georgios Theocharidis, Brandon J. Sumpio, Aristidis Veves, Samuel Sia, Amay Bandodkar “Water-powered, electronics-free dressings that electrically stimulate wounds for rapid wound closure” Science Advances https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.ado7538
Abstract:
Chronic wounds affect ~2% of the U.S. population and increase risks of amputation and mortality. Unfortunately, treatments for such wounds are often expensive, complex, and only moderately effective. Electrotherapy represents a cost-effective treatment; however, its reliance on bulky equipment limits its clinical use. Here, we introduce water-powered, electronics-free dressings (WPEDs) that offer a unique solution to this issue. The WPED performs even under harsh conditions—situations wherein many present treatments fail. It uses a flexible, biocompatible magnesium-silver/silver chloride battery and a pair of stimulation electrodes; upon the addition of water, the battery creates a radial electric field. Experiments in diabetic mice confirm the WPED’s ability to accelerate wound closure and promote healing by increasing epidermal thickness, modulating inflammation, and promoting angiogenesis. Across preclinical wound models, the WPED-treated group heals faster than the control with wound closure rates comparable to treatments requiring expensive biologics and/or complex electronics. The results demonstrate the WPED’s potential as an effective and more practical wound treatment dressing.
Bhavya Jain, Dharmendra Yadav, S. Pratap Singh, Amit Kumar, Alok K Kushwaha “Molecular Communication under different Signaling Waveforms and Biological Deployments” Wireless Personal Communications https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11277-024-11496-3
Abstract:
Every second, millions of cells within our bodies exchange critical messages. Yet, amidst this swarming molecular dialogue, miscommunications often occur, leading to misdiagnosis and ineffective treatments. Over 30% of therapeutic molecules fail to reach their intended targets due to inadequate understanding of tissue communication pathways. Herein, we unveil a novel diffusive molecular communication (DMC) model, offering insights into concentration dynamics and channel responses across diverse tissue geometries. We employed various signaling waveforms to gain insights into how these geometries impact the propagation and reception of molecular signals in tissues under different practical scenarios. In particular, rectangular and exponential signaling waveforms under each biological rectangular deployment, Biological cylindrical deployment, and biological spherical deployments have been used to analyze the DMC system in terms of concentration and channel response. First of all, the concentration of the information signal is derived analytically under each of the signaling waveforms and deployments. Further, the presented concentration of the information signal under each signaling and deployments are employed in evaluating the channel response at the receiver. Each of the presented analytical expressions has been quantified numerically under different parameters. The results demonstrate DMC’s potential for developing new-era targeted drug delivery and bio-sensing technologies.
Bhavya Jain, Krishnakant Phand, Vaibhav Jain, Indranil Lahiri, Debrupa Lahiri “3D Printed Carbon Nanotubes reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Flexible Sensors for Tactile Sensing” ECS Sensor Plus https://doi.org/10.1149/2754-2726/ad54d3
Abstract:
Technology is constantly evolving, and chronic health issues are on the rise. It is essential to have affordable and easy access to remote biomedical measurements. This makes flexible sensors a more attractive choice owing to their high sensitivity and flexibility along with low cost and ease of use. As an additional advantage, 3D printing has become increasingly popular in areas such as biomedicine, environment, and industry. This study demonstrates 3D-printed flexible sensors for tactile sensing. A biocompatible silicone elastomer such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with low elastic modulus and high stretchability makes an excellent wearable sensor material. Incorporating CNTs at varying concentrations (0.5, 1, 2) wt.% enhances the sensor's mechanical strength, conductivity, and responsiveness to mechanical strain. In addition to enhancing the thermal stability of the composite by 44%, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) also enhanced the breaking strength by 57% with a 2 wt.% CNT loading. Moreover, the contact angle values improved by 15%, making it a biomedical-grade hydrophobic surface. The electrical characteristics of these sensors reveal excellent strain sensitivity, making them perfect for monitoring finger movements and biomedical measurements. Overall, 2 wt.% CNT-PDMS sensors exhibit optimal performance, paving the way for advanced tactile sensing in biomedical and industrial settings.
Yang Yu1, Bhavya Jain1, Gautam Anand, Mahdi Heidarian, Andrew Lowe, Anubha Kalra “Technologies for non-invasive physiological sensing: status, challenges, and Future Horizons” Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100420
Abstract:
Non-invasive techniques have become increasingly vital in modern medicine, providing valuable diagnostic information without invasive procedures. These techniques encompass a diverse range of procedures, including imaging scans, blood tests, urine tests, and genetic testing, enabling the investigation of various conditions without device insertion. In contrast to conventional invasive methods, non-invasive diagnostics have numerous advantages, including reduced complications, shorter recovery times, improved patient comfort, and lower costs. As a result, the exploration of alternative diagnostic approaches has become imperative. This article provides a comprehensive overview of advances, challenges, and opportunities in the realm of non-invasive diagnostic techniques. It delves into a detailed exploration of non-invasive techniques, including photoplethysmography (PPG), electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) discussing their origin, underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications in various medical fields. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various Surface Measurement and Imaging Modalities techniques are thoroughly compared and analysed. The article also addresses these challenges and highlights emerging technologies and methodologies that offer solutions. More importantly, we propose several promising directions for future research and development of non-invasive diagnostic techniques.
Krishnakant Phand1, Bhavya Jain1, Debrupa Lahiri2 “Effect of functionalization of Carbon Nanotube on the mechanical behavior of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Matrix Composite” AMPCO2022 Springer, India. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-1971-0_27
Abstract:
Ultra-High Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is one of the most commonly used polymers in research fields because of its superior toughness, impact strength, low friction and sliding wear resistance. In terms of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an excellent choice for reinforcement. Being chemically inert in nature, CNTs does not readily bond with polymers. Hence, there is scope of improvement in interfacial bonding by cova- lent functionalization of CNTs. This study aims to investigate the effect of func- tionalized CNT (f-CNT) reinforcement on the mechanical, thermal and structural properties of UHMWPE composites. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are acid functionalized and composites with different CNT and (f-CNT) loading proportions are fabricated using compression molding followed by curing. With addition of (1 wt. %) f-CNT a 75% increase in crystallinity is observed. The yield strength and elastic modulus nearly doubled for 1wt% f-CNT reinforced compos- ites. Similarly, the storage modulus is found to be increased nearly 6 times. Overall, f-CNT reinforced composites exhibited better structural, mechanical and thermal behavior because of higher interfacial interaction between f-CNTs and UHMWPE, and uniform dispersion of f-CNTs in the composite matrix.
Bhavya Jain, Abhiraj Singh, Amit Kumar, Piyush Yadav, S Pratap Singh “Molecular Signaling under Different Transmitting Waveforms for Applied Deployments” IEEE ICAC2022, Bristol, the UK. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9911151
Abstract:
Molecular Communication (MC) is emerging with an indomitable capacity and application in almost every field of human life. However, in MC concentration of the molecules at the boundary of the receiver is most important in faithful information delivery. However, the concentration of the molecules in the environment depends on the types of deployments and types of signaling waveform. Depending on the shape of the tissue the deployment, which may be anyone out of rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical, is given by the solution of the diffusion equation. Whereas, the choice of the signal waveform optimizes the information delivery rate by mitigating the impairments due to the channel. In this paper, however, we consider rectangular and spherical deployments to present novel closed forms for the concentration of the molecules at any point within the receptor region. On the other hand, we have included different signaling waveforms such as rectangular and exponential waves in our analysis. It is noteworthy to mention that rectangular and spherical deployments are the most appropriate applied deployment. Whereas, rectangular and exponential wave shaping are optimums in nature. It is worth-full to mention that the presented analysis shows perfect agreement with the theoretical background.
Bhavya Jain, Dharmendra Yadav, Rajneesh Singh, Ravi Ranjan, S Pratap Singh “Secrecy Outage Probability of NOMA Network under Amplify and Forward Scheme” IEEE DICCT2023, India. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10110247
Abstract:
6G and beyond networks require massive data transfer speeds and exceptionally secure long-distance communication systems. In recent years, Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has come up with a highly efficient signal transmission technique. It enables broadcast to numerous users within the same frequency band and time slot, allowing for signal transmission through a single channel. However, the presence of internal or external eavesdroppers poses a big challenge to the physical layer security of a network. This paper analyzes the secrecy performance of the hybrid free space optical-radio frequency (FSO-RF) -aided NOMA network. A novel closed-form expression for secrecy outage probability under amplify and forward scheme (AF) is presented. Additionally, the effects of weak, moderate, and strong turbulence are considered under different decoding techniques. It is noteworthy to mention that the proposed results show perfect agreement with theoretical concepts.